Day trip in Culloden Battlefield, Glenlivet Distillery, BenRiach, Cardhu Distillery, Cullen, Findlater Castle and Bow Fiddle Rock inMoray Firth of Jul 19, 2023

Visiting the Culloden Battlefield is a profound experience. The site is open daily from 9 AM to 5 PM, with extended hours in summer. The entrance fee is £11 for adults, with discounts available for children, students, and seniors. Parking is ample and costs £2 for the day. The visitor center offers comprehensive information about the battlefield, and guided tours are available.

The Battle of Culloden: Background and Aftermath

The Battle of Culloden, fought on April 16, 1746, was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. The Jacobites, led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), sought to restore the Stuart monarchy to the British throne. They faced the British government forces commanded by the Duke of Cumberland.

The Jacobites were motivated by political and religious reasons, primarily the desire to see a Catholic Stuart king on the throne in place of the Protestant Hanoverian King George II. The battle was swift and brutal, resulting in a decisive victory for the government forces. The consequences were severe: the Jacobite cause was crushed, leading to harsh reprisals and the end of the clan system in Scotland. This defeat marked the end of large-scale attempts to restore the Stuart monarchy.

A Scenic Reflection

Welcome to the Culloden Battlefield Trail, and listen: is it birds singing, a breeze rocking trees – or the roar and wail of that Battle in 1746? The battlefield was larger than what's seen by most visitors today, and there is much in the surrounding countryside to awaken many thoughts. This was an innocent land, and still is: stop by sites like the Prisoners' Stone and remember those who lived, worked, fought, and died here all those years ago. There's also poetry and benches where you can take a rest and reflect on this ancient landscape.

The government forces at the Battle of Culloden were assembled in 1745-1746 by the British government to quell the Jacobite uprising. These troops were primarily composed of regular British Army soldiers, local militias, and loyalist Highland clans. They were commanded by Prince William Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland, the third son of King George II. As he was not in line for the throne and left no heirs, his appointment highlighted the perceived mediocrity of the commander assigned to this critical battle.

The government troops included infantry regiments, cavalry, and artillery, many of whom were seasoned veterans. Their motivation was to maintain the stability of the Hanoverian monarchy and prevent the restoration of the Catholic Stuart line. They were well-equipped, well-supplied, and rigorously trained, with superior firepower including muskets and cannons.

The Duke of Cumberland enforced strict discipline and ensured his troops were prepared for battle. They camped at Nairn, conducted drills, and spent the night before the battle in organized preparation. The failed Jacobite night attack on April 15, 1746, left the Jacobites exhausted and demoralized. Meanwhile, Cumberland's intelligence network provided crucial information, allowing him to anticipate the Jacobites' actions.

The Argyleshire Men at Culloden

We are standing at a point where, to the left, the Argyleshire Men stood as part of the government forces during the Battle of Culloden. The Argyleshire Men were soldiers from Argyllshire, recruited mainly from Clan Campbell, known for their loyalty to the British Crown. Their motivation stemmed from their Protestant faith, political loyalty to the Hanoverian government, and long-standing clan rivalries with the Jacobite-supporting clans. Their presence at Culloden was a reflection of their commitment to the Crown and opposition to the Jacobite cause.

We are currently standing at the Reanash Enclosure, an area on the Culloden Battlefield also known as the Leanach Enclosure. This site is significant for its role during the Battle of Culloden, which took place on April 16, 1746. The enclosure was part of the battlefield's complex layout and has been the focus of various archaeological studies aimed at preserving its historical accuracy.

The Jacobites began to fire their muskets in this area as they gathered speed, charging at the government troops with fierce yelling and shouting. This part of the battlefield saw some of the most intense and ferocious hand-to-hand combat during the height of the battle. Archaeologists have discovered numerous artifacts here, including items related to artillery. These findings suggest that the Jacobites were heavily pounded by canister shot—cans filled with musket balls or grapeshot—fired from government field guns.

Today, the site reveals evidence of the desperate, close-range fighting that took place. Archaeologists have uncovered hacked musket parts, pistol balls, and ripped-off buttons, all indicating the brutal nature of the conflict. Historians estimate that around 700 Jacobite soldiers were killed or wounded in this area within just a few minutes. Although the Jacobites' charge initially broke through the government front line, they were ultimately forced back, suffering catastrophic consequences.

As we stand here, it's poignant to reflect on the intensity of the battle and the lives lost. The Reanash Enclosure serves as a tangible connection to the past, offering a solemn reminder of the fierce struggle that occurred on this ground.

We are standing at yet another significant historical spot within the Culloden Battlefield, known as the Reanash Enclosure, also referred to as the Leanach Enclosure. This area played a critical role during the Battle of Culloden.

The field behind you used to be enclosed by stone walls. During the battle, government troops, including the Argyll Militia (Argyleshire Men), knocked gaps through these walls to allow their cavalry to cross the field and threaten the rear of the Jacobite army. Once the cavalry had passed, the government troops waited in the enclosure and raked the retreating Jacobites with devastating musket fire, creating a deadly ambush.

Today, the National Trust for Scotland has reconstructed this corner of the walled enclosure to show its approximate position. The original walls were much higher, and today, many come here to honor the brave warriors, leaving memorial plaques like this one:

"Not for us alone but for ancestors and progeny"

Words by Aonghas MacNeacail, 2012

"This bench is for David Walker, With love forever, Rest in Peace, 9th March 2014"

The reconstructed walls and these plaques provide a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made here, allowing visitors to reflect on the past and pay their respects to those who fought and died on this historic ground.

We are standing on the main line of the Jacobite front, where the Atholl Men, also known as the Fir Athaill, were positioned during the Battle of Culloden. The Atholl Men were a Highland regiment composed primarily of members from Clan Murray and other smaller clans from the Atholl region. Approximately 500 strong, they were a crucial part of the Jacobite army.

From this position, the Jacobites fired the first cannon shots of the battle. In response, government troops unleashed their own cannon fire to try and destroy the Jacobite guns. As the cannonade continued, many Jacobites suffered terrible injuries while standing in line, waiting for the order to charge.

Today, archaeologists have found a small metal pendant cross in this area. This artifact may have been lost by a Jacobite soldier during the chaos of the charge or perhaps as he fled the battlefield. The discovery of such personal items provides a tangible connection to the individuals who fought and the turmoil they experienced.

The National Trust for Scotland has worked extensively to preserve these areas, providing a detailed and respectful reconstruction of the battlefield to honor the memory of those who fought here. The efforts include rebuilding walls and maintaining the landscape to reflect its historical state, allowing visitors to appreciate the significant events that unfolded on this ground.

We are standing at the historical location where two significant Jacobite regiments were positioned during the Battle of Culloden on April 16, 1746: the Appin Regiment and Clan Cameron (Clann Chamshroin).

The Appin Regiment consisted of around 250 men from Clan Stewart of Appin, led by Charles Stewart of Ardsheal. This regiment suffered heavy casualties, with approximately 92 killed and 65 wounded during the battle.

Clan Cameron, led by Donald Cameron of Lochiel, had around 400 men. The Camerons were known for their fierce fighting and suffered significant losses, with about half of their men killed or wounded during the battle.

Walking across the battlefield of Culloden, you'll encounter spontaneously created mass graves of different clans, which are now protected sites. These graves mark where the fallen Jacobite soldiers were buried, while the exact burial sites of government troops remain unknown.

The Jacobites were often associated with the color blue, symbolizing their allegiance to the Stuart cause. In contrast, the government forces were known for their red uniforms, which is why British soldiers are often referred to as "Redcoats."

Jacobite Forces: Approximately 5,400 men, including the Appin Regiment (around 250 men) and Clan Cameron (about 400 men).

Government Forces: Approximately 8,000 men, comprising seasoned infantry, cavalry, and artillery units.

Jacobite Casualties: About 1,200 to 1,500 were killed or wounded, with many more taken prisoner in the aftermath of the battle.

Government Casualties: Around 50 men were killed and 259 wounded.

William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, earned the nickname "The Butcher" due to his brutal treatment of the Jacobite soldiers after the battle. Following their defeat, he ordered the execution of wounded and captured Jacobites, acts which were seen as excessively harsh and inhumane. This ruthless approach was aimed at completely crushing any future Jacobite resistance and is a major reason why he is remembered so infamously.

The preservation of Culloden Battlefield by the National Trust for Scotland allows visitors to reflect on these events and honor the memory of those who fought and died here, ensuring that the sacrifices and historical significance of the battle are not forgotten.

The Culloden Memorial, known locally as the stone tower memorial, was built in the 1820s by Lachlan Mackintosh. It stands to the west of the battlefield to commemorate those who died in the Battle of Culloden. In 1881, Duncan Forbes, the landowner of the moor, expanded this effort by building the cairn and additional grave markers that visitors see today.

The Battle of Culloden, fought on April 16, 1746, was the last pitched battle on the British mainland. It marked the end of the Jacobite risings and brought a dramatic end to the clan system in Scotland.

Today, visitors to the battlefield can reflect on the events of that fateful day and pay their respects to the brave soldiers who fought and died. The site includes memorial plaques and stones, such as the one dedicated to the MacDonalds, erected in 1966 with contributions from Clan Donald members worldwide.

Clan Mackintosh is a Highland Scottish clan with a long and storied history. The name "Mackintosh" is derived from the Gaelic "Mac an Toisich," which means "Son of the Chief" or "Leader." The clan's origins trace back to the 12th century, and they have historically been associated with the Chattan Confederation, a coalition of clans united for mutual protection.

Tartan

The Mackintosh tartan is characterized by its distinctive pattern of red, green, and blue with yellow and white stripes. This tartan is easily recognizable and is worn with pride by members of the clan today.

Role at the Battle of Culloden

At the Battle of Culloden, Clan Mackintosh was part of the Jacobite army. Under the command of Alexander Mackintosh, the clan contributed approximately 300 soldiers to the Jacobite cause. The battle was devastating for the Jacobites, and Clan Mackintosh suffered significant casualties. Exact numbers of those killed are not always clear, but many clan members lost their lives or were wounded during the battle.

Aftermath and Legacy

The aftermath of the Battle of Culloden was brutal for all the Highland clans. The defeat led to the suppression of the clan system, with laws enacted to disarm the Highlanders, ban traditional dress, and strip clan chiefs of their judicial powers.

Despite these hardships, Clan Mackintosh continued to exist and adapt. Over time, the clan re-established itself, and many members emigrated, spreading the clan's influence worldwide. Today, Clan Mackintosh has an active clan society that helps preserve its history and traditions. Members of the clan gather for events, wear their tartan, and celebrate their heritage.

Modern Day

Today, Clan Mackintosh is a vibrant community with members across the globe. The Clan Mackintosh Society, established to maintain and promote the clan's history and culture, organizes various events and gatherings. These activities help keep the clan's traditions alive and foster a sense of unity among its members.

In conclusion, Clan Mackintosh has a rich history marked by significant contributions to Scotland's past, including their role in the Battle of Culloden. Despite the challenges following the battle, the clan has endured and continues to thrive, honoring their heritage and keeping their traditions alive for future generations.

Clan Cameron is one of the most famous Highland Scottish clans, known for their fierce warriors and strong leadership. The name "Cameron" is derived from the Gaelic "Camshron," which means "crooked nose," likely referring to an early clan ancestor. The Camerons have a long and storied history, with their origins tracing back to the early Middle Ages. Historically, they were based in Lochaber, in the West Highlands, with their seat at Achnacarry Castle. The clan's tartan is primarily red, green, and blue, featuring a distinctive pattern that is easily recognizable. At the Battle of Culloden in 1746, Clan Cameron played a significant role on the Jacobite side, under the leadership of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, known as "Gentle Lochiel." Approximately 400 Camerons fought in the battle, and the clan suffered heavy casualties. The battle was devastating for the Jacobite cause and for Clan Cameron, leading to the death and capture of many of its members. Despite the defeat at Culloden and the subsequent suppression of the Highland clans, Clan Cameron survived. The clan adapted to the changing political and social landscape, with many members emigrating to other parts of the world. Today, Clan Cameron is active and thriving, with a strong sense of heritage and community. The Clan Cameron Association, founded to preserve the clan's history and culture, organizes events and gatherings for members. The current chief of Clan Cameron is Donald Angus Cameron of Lochiel, the 27th chief, who continues to uphold the clan's traditions and leadership. The clan's legacy is celebrated not only in Scotland but also among the diaspora worldwide.

Clan Stewart of Appin is a Highland Scottish clan with a rich history that dates back to the 15th century. The clan's name, Stewart, originates from the Gaelic "Stiùbhart," and the Stewarts of Appin are a branch of the royal Stewart family. The clan's territory historically included the region of Appin in the west of Scotland, which encompasses parts of Argyll and Lochaber.

The tartan of Clan Stewart of Appin is distinctive, featuring a pattern of green, blue, and black with red and white stripes. This tartan is worn with pride by clan members and symbolizes their heritage.

The clan's origins can be traced to Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, the second son of Alexander Stewart, the fourth High Steward of Scotland. Sir John Stewart's descendants were granted the lands of Appin in the late 15th century, establishing the clan's territorial base.

During the Jacobite risings, Clan Stewart of Appin was a staunch supporter of the Jacobite cause. At the Battle of Culloden in 1746, the Appin Regiment, led by Charles Stewart of Ardsheal, fought valiantly for Prince Charles Edward Stuart. The regiment consisted of approximately 250 men, many of whom suffered heavy casualties during the battle. The bravery of the Appin men became legendary, and their sacrifice is commemorated at Culloden.

Following the defeat at Culloden, Clan Stewart of Appin, like many other Highland clans, faced significant hardships. The clan system was dismantled, and traditional Highland customs and dress were banned. Despite these challenges, the Stewarts of Appin managed to endure and adapt to the changing times.

Today, Clan Stewart of Appin continues to thrive, with a strong sense of identity and community. The Clan Stewart Society in America and other clan organizations help preserve the history and traditions of the Stewarts of Appin. Members of the clan gather for events, wear their tartan, and celebrate their shared heritage, ensuring that the legacy of the Stewarts of Appin remains vibrant and enduring.

We are standing at the presumed burial site of English soldiers who perished during the Battle of Culloden. These soldiers died primarily in brutal hand-to-hand combat, an area in which the Scots excelled. This combat style was known as the "Highland Charge," a decisive and rapid movement of a dense mass of Highlanders toward the enemy with the aim of breaking through their front lines and/or causing them to flee.

The success of the Highland Charge was often aided by carefully chosen terrain; a downhill attack had a greater chance of success. As the Highlanders advanced towards the enemy, they typically fired a single volley from their muskets and pistols when within range. They then discarded their now-useless firearms, drew their cold steel weapons, and, amidst dense gunpowder smoke and terrifying battle cries, quickly (often at a run) closed in on the enemy. This swift approach aimed to crush the enemy with a decisive onslaught, preventing them from firing more than one musket volley and reloading their guns.

If the enemy failed to stop the advancing Highlanders with concentrated gunfire or bayonets, they often fled in panic before a real clash and hand-to-hand combat occurred. In such cases, the fleeing enemy became easy prey for the pursuing Highlanders, who slaughtered them mercilessly.

Confirmed instances of the Highland Charge, such as at the battles of Killiecrankie in 1689, Prestonpans, and Falkirk in 1745, followed this general pattern. During the Battle of Culloden in 1746, the Highland Charge on the right flank of the Scottish army also met with some success, breaking through the first line of English battalions. However, in this battle, the government troops employed a new tactic specifically designed to counter the Highland Charge: soldiers would close ranks and stab with bayonets not at the enemy directly in front of them, but at the one attacking the soldier to their right, thus striking a blow to the unprotected side of the assailant.

A similar tactic to the Highland Charge was used by the 43rd (Highland) Regiment at the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745.

An enclosure known as 'Field of the English' is so called because it became the burial place for English soldiers slain in the Battle of Culloden. On the south side of the road at NH 7437 4502, a large granite stone bears the inscription: "Field of the English - They were buried here."

The Battle of Culloden Moor took place on April 16, 1746. On that day, the moor was boggy due to heavy rain, which further soddened the ground and hindered the Highlanders' ability to charge the government redcoat troops effectively. This civil war clash saw the fully rested and refreshed government troops easily defeat the Highlanders, who had just returned from a march to England in an effort to gather support for their cause. The weary and hungry Jacobite troops, led by Bonnie Prince Charlie, were slaughtered within about 40 minutes.

During the Battle of Culloden, the Jacobites clashed fiercely with the government's left wing, forcing them to retreat as the government's second line moved around the buildings in this area to support the left wing. Today, Leanach Cottage stands on the site of the original farm buildings shown on contemporary battle maps. A cannonball was reportedly recovered from its turf wall over a hundred years ago. The last resident, Mrs. Annabell Cameron, left in 1912, after several generations of her family had guided visitors around the battlefield.

In the 1920s, efforts were made to protect the site from overzealous tour guides who would expose bones, leading to new soil being brought to the burial mounds. Local organizations, recognizing the need to preserve the battlefield, took action as the area faced increasing traffic and development. After the battle, many Scots experienced severe restrictions, including suppression of the Gaelic language and controls over traditional Highland dress.

Lachlan Mackintosh, whose family fought in the Jacobite Risings, built Raigmore Tower around 1820 to commemorate those who fought at Culloden. In 1881, Duncan Forbes of Culloden House commissioned the clan gravestones and memorial cairn that stand today, providing a central memorial to remember the battle.

The Culloden Battlefield Visitor Centre features a striking memorial wall that pays tribute to those who died during the Battle of Culloden. This wall, located on the exterior of the visitor centre, is clad with local Caithness stone set in rectangular blocks. Each stone is inscribed with the names of individuals who fell during the battle, serving as a poignant reminder of the lives lost on that fateful day.

The Battle of Culloden, fought on April 16, 1746, was the final confrontation of the Jacobite Rising and the last pitched battle fought on British soil. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the government forces, leading to significant casualties among the Jacobite soldiers. The aftermath of the battle saw severe repercussions for the Scottish Highland way of life, including the suppression of the Gaelic language and traditional Highland dress.

The visitor centre, opened in 2008, offers an immersive experience for visitors, including an interpretive journey through the exhibition and a view of the battlefield from a planted roof. This centre is part of the efforts by the National Trust for Scotland to preserve the battlefield and honor the memory of those who fought there.

Visiting the Glenlivet distillery requires booking a tour in advance, with specific hours and rules, as it is open Monday through Saturday from 9:30 AM to 5:00 PM, and Sunday from 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM. It is not just a distillery but also a functioning museum that houses a rare edition of a comprehensive work on English distilleries, which marks the beginning of our journey through Glenlivet.

In an edition of Harper’s dated 5 March 1887, it is mentioned that in early 1885, Alfred Barnard, while visiting many Highland distilleries, noticed that the whisky community was largely unaware of the origins of various whisky brands. At public sales and in the market, names like Glen this and Ben that were commonly used, yet few knew anything about their locations or production methods. This observation led to the idea of personally visiting every distillery in the United Kingdom to describe their history, location, and production processes.

Barnard completed this monumental task, and his work was published in a 500-page book by Harper’s in 1887. Original editions now sell for over £2,000, but the book has been reprinted several times, most notably in 2008 by Edinburgh publisher Birlinn. This edition includes not only a facsimile of the original text but also several pamphlets Barnard was later commissioned to write by various distillers.

These pamphlets include "How to Blend Scotch Whisky" for Mackie & Co, and works on the distilleries and brands of Pattison, Elder & Co, John Walker & Sons Ltd, Highland Distillers, and Dalmore. Following the publication of this book, a stand-alone edition on Dalmore was released by Distilled Discourse in 2010, and American whisky enthusiast Aaron Barker republished Barnard’s "A Visit to Watson’s Dundee Whisky Stores" and "A Ramble Through Classic Canongate: In Connection With J&G Stewart’s Olde Scots Whisky Edinburgh."

Undeterred by the exhaustive research and writing of The Whisky Distilleries, Alfred Barnard undertook a parallel project on beer, visiting 110 breweries between 1889 and 1891, which was published as the multi-volume "Noted Breweries of Great Britain and Ireland." Barnard passed away in 1918 at the age of 81 in Croydon, south London. His industrious work throughout his life has earned him an esteemed place in whisky history as the author of arguably the most important book on the subject.

At Glenlivet, each visitor receives a personal tasting kit, including a special card and pencil. As the intimate and in-depth narration unfolds, detailing various types of whisky and the rich history of Glenlivet, guests participate in a guided tasting session. During this experience, they can note the alcohol percentage, flavor combinations, and aging details of each whisky. Following the tasting, visitors have the opportunity to purchase a limited-edition, single-cask whisky.

Speyside is a renowned whisky-producing region in Scotland, located in the northeast between the Highlands and the North Sea. It is named after the River Spey, which flows through the area and provides a key ingredient for whisky production—pure water. Speyside plays a pivotal role in the history of whisky due to its ideal conditions for whisky making, including its climate, rich natural resources, and fertile landscape.

This region is home to more than half of Scotland's distilleries, including famous names like Glenlivet, Macallan, and Glenfiddich. Speyside whiskies are celebrated for their typically smooth, sweet, and often fruity flavors, with notes of apple, pear, honey, and vanilla, distinguishing them from the often more robust and peaty whiskies of other regions.

Glenlivet is the name of a whisky and the distillery located in the valley (glen) of the Livet River in the Speyside region of Scotland. The name "Glenlivet" comes from the Gaelic words "glen" (valley) and "Livet" (the Livet River), meaning "valley of the Livet River."

The tradition of whisky production at Glenlivet began in 1824 when George Smith received the first official license to distill whisky after the passing of the Excise Act in 1823. Before this, distilleries in the region operated illegally. Licensing allowed Smith to produce whisky legally, and his product quickly gained a reputation for its high quality.

The English traditionally drank rum and gin and didn't understand why their drinks weren't popular among the Scots. They suspected that the reason was every Scotsman made his own whisky at home and didn't need to buy English gin and rum. The English then tried to sell whisky, but this also failed because the Scots made whisky for personal use and to share with friends.

The English started conducting raids and banning illegal whisky production, but this didn't work either, as the Scots set up watchmen around Speyside. As soon as the law enforcement officials appeared, word quickly spread, and whisky stills were shut down in all the homes.

It wasn't until 1823 that the English found a way to control whisky production and make it a source of income. They started issuing licenses, and the first to agree was John Smith from the valley of the River Livet, a tributary of the River Spey. Some Scots considered him an opportunist, and some even a traitor, but he became wealthy by legally selling his whisky to the south. He then started licensing his neighbors, becoming a promoter of the English licensing idea.

By the way, the English had enjoyed whisky earlier. For example, the name "whisky," derived from the Gaelic "uisce beatha" (water of life), appealed to English King Henry VIII as early as the 16th century.

By the way, when you see the year on a whisky label indicating when it was first produced, it doesn't mark the year the distillery started operating but rather the year it received its license.

Before us, among other museum exhibits, stands a ceramic jar called an Alagon, which was used in the early 19th century to store and transport whisky. The use of barrels became widespread as early as the 16th century when old Spanish or French wine, sherry, or bourbon barrels were utilized. Smugglers preferred such vessels because, in the face of deadly danger from English excise officers, they could simply break them. The painting depicts such a deadly confrontation. It is noteworthy that almost anything that could ferment and be distilled was added to the pot, and since not everything was always available, the result varied each time. George Smith was one of the first to create a relatively stable product and wanted to patent it, which led to his desire to license it. Interestingly, this caused an uproar and was perceived by other smugglers as a surrender to the English authorities. As a result, the authorities granted Smith pistols, which are also displayed here.

After George Smith's licensing and the establishment of the Glenlivet brand, a true commotion began. Firstly, single malt whisky struggled to maintain consistency in taste and quality, prompting enterprising individuals to start creating blends, especially in the grocery trade. Just as there are signature blends of tea or spices like ras el hanout, the same approach was taken with whisky. Each blend had its unique mixture, and such whiskies remain popular to this day, for example, Johnnie Walker or Jim Beam, etc. The battle for single malts was long-fought, and it was only thanks to Colonel George Smith Grant.

"What is whisky?" After much debate between distillers, merchants, and blenders, a Royal Commission was set up to find the answer. They met 37 times over more than a year, and George was one of their witnesses. He proudly stood up for single malts, telling the committee they deserved just as much recognition as the popular blends of the time.

Captain Bill Smith Grant took on the United States of America. The 1920s and '30s were tough times to be a whisky-maker. Over 100 distilleries folded during this period, but Captain Bill Smith Grant worked hard against many odds to keep The Glenlivet going. When Prohibition ended in 1933, he struck a deal to serve miniatures in Pullman train carriages across the USA, and a whole new audience was born.

Today, the popularity of whisky has surpassed that of former times, and single malt and single cask brands have earned well-deserved respect and pride. Such whisky is not just a drink; it is a symbol of status and wealth. People have even traveled by private helicopters to Glenlivet from Saudi Arabia and from renowned noble families of Europe to acquire it.

The name “Benriach” comes from the Scottish Gaelic language and has a specific meaning tied to the distillery’s location. “Ben” is a common prefix in Scottish place names, meaning “mountain” or “hill,” while “Riach” means “speckled” or “grassy.” Therefore, “Benriach” roughly translates to “The Grassy Hill.”

The Benriach distillery is located in the heart of Speyside, a region known for its whisky production. It was founded in 1898 by John Duff.

Duff was an ambitious entrepreneur and sought opportunities beyond Scotland as well. In the 1870s, he ventured to South Africa and the United States with the idea of establishing whisky distilleries there. However, these ventures were unsuccessful due to various challenges, including local regulations and market conditions. After returning to Scotland, Duff continued his work in the whisky industry and eventually decided to establish his own distillery.

The whisky industry reached its peak at the end of the 19th century, a time when it was thriving and rapidly expanding. However, as is often the case with overheated markets, this boom led to an inevitable bust. This is exactly what happened with John Duff’s enterprises, including Benriach and Longmorn distilleries. Despite the strategic advantage of having two neighboring distilleries that could share resources, Duff's timing was unfortunate. The Pattison whisky crash of 1899—a catastrophic financial collapse that severely impacted the entire Scotch whisky industry—forced Benriach to close just two years after it opened, in 1900.

Interestingly, where Duff did not succeed overseas, another entrepreneurial force from across the ocean eventually did. Brown-Forman Corporation, one of the largest American-owned spirits and wine companies, was founded in 1870 by George Garvin Brown in Louisville, Kentucky. The company initially produced Old Forester, the first bottled bourbon marketed for its medicinal qualities, at a time when whiskey was often sold in barrels and was vulnerable to tampering. Over the years, Brown-Forman grew substantially, adding well-known brands like Jack Daniel’s and Woodford Reserve to its portfolio. In 2016, Brown-Forman acquired Benriach, GlenDronach, and Glenglassaugh distilleries in Scotland, marking a significant expansion into the Scotch whisky market.

Today, Brown-Forman remains headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, and is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "BF-B," continuing to be a dominant player in the global spirits industry.

The distillery is open to visitors from Friday to Sunday, 10:30 AM to 5:00 PM, with various tasting experiences available, including detailed cask tastings and the opportunity to explore the distillery’s heritage.

To visit the distillery, it's essential to pre-book your tour online due to limited availability. The visitor experience includes a bar, a tasting lounge, and a retail space where you can purchase their whiskies.

For more details or to book a tour, you can visit their official website at Benriach Distillery

Distilling whisky in copper stills is highly significant because copper has unique properties that greatly enhance the quality of the spirit. Copper is excellent at conducting heat, which helps maintain an ideal temperature during distillation. This allows for the rapid cooling of the alcohol vapor, leading to the condensation of higher-quality alcohols while filtering out undesirable compounds like sulfur, which can give the spirit off-flavors. Additionally, copper reacts with alcohol to remove sulfur-containing compounds, making the final whisky smoother and more refined.

Aging barrels in the open air, where they are exposed to elements like rain, is also crucial. The rain causes the wood to swell, which in turn tightens the barrel, reducing leakage and allowing the whisky to interact more intimately with the wood. This interaction is essential for the maturation process, as the whisky absorbs compounds from the wood that contribute to its flavor, color, and overall complexity. The natural breathing of the wood in varying weather conditions, including rain, enhances this process, making each batch of whisky unique and full of character.

Every distillery needs to stand out, especially when competing with legends like Glenlivet. Benriach has created its own unique twist by offering visitors a hands-on cocktail-making experience that adds a memorable personal touch to their visit.

The experience begins with the presentation of a cocktail kit, including a special muddler stick to crush fresh ginger and mint, setting the stage for the creation of the "Benriach Long and Spicy" cocktail. This cocktail showcases Benriach’s "The Original Ten" whisky, emphasizing the distillery's distinctive flavors through a rich and spicy blend.

Here’s the simplified recipe: - 50ml Benriach The Original Ten - 5ml allspice liqueur - 5ml lemon juice - 5ml sugar syrup - 140ml ginger beer

To prepare, simply build the ingredients in a highball glass, top with ginger beer, and gently stir. The drink is garnished with a lemon leaf, ginger spear, and star anise, offering a delightful mix of spicy and citrusy notes. The result is a delicious cocktail that not only highlights Benriach's whisky but also provides an engaging and enjoyable experience for visitors.

On the expanses of Speyside, true gems like this historic mansion turned boutique hotel can be found. Cardhu Country House is a historic building situated near the famous Cardhu Distillery in Speyside, Scotland. Likely constructed in the 19th century, the house has deep ties to the region's whisky heritage, particularly with the Cumming family, who founded the Cardhu Distillery in 1824. Over the years, this historic structure was transformed into a boutique guesthouse, offering luxurious accommodations for visitors exploring the Malt Whisky Trail.

Today, Cardhu Country House is owned and operated by Ian and Diana Millar. The couple purchased the property and have since dedicated themselves to maintaining and running it as a welcoming retreat for guests. Their stewardship has helped preserve the house's historic charm while offering a personalized and comfortable experience for those visiting the Speyside region.

Cardhu Country House](https://www.cardhucountryhouse.co.uk).

The name "Cardhu" comes from the Gaelic "Carn Dubh," meaning "Black Rock." The distillery was founded in 1824 by Helen Cumming and her husband John Cumming, making it one of the few distilleries in Scotland to have been originally run by a woman.

The Cummings initially began distilling whisky illicitly on their farm in the early 19th century. Helen was particularly resourceful; she was known for her clever tactics to avoid detection by excisemen (tax collectors). For instance, when excisemen were near, she would hoist a red flag to warn other illicit distillers in the area, and she was known to offer tea to the officials while secretly hiding the evidence of whisky production.

After John’s death, Helen continued to run the distillery with her son Lewis Cumming.

There is a persistent legend that, as she handed over the reins to her son, she sent for Johnnie Walker to teach her son the distillery trade in exchange for the right to use their malt. Hence, the story of Helen Cumming and her son’s connection to Johnnie Walker is often mentioned in the history of Scotch whisky, but there is some myth and romance in these tales that should be clarified.

Helen Cumming’s son, Lewis Cumming, did indeed take over the running of the Cardhu distillery after his parents. However, the claim that Lewis was trained by John Walker or that he became the director of Johnnie Walker appears to be more of a romanticized version of history rather than a documented fact.

What is true is that Cardhu played a crucial role in the development of Johnnie Walker as a brand. In 1893, Cardhu Distillery was sold to Johnnie Walker & Sons. This acquisition was significant because Cardhu’s whisky became a key component in Johnnie Walker blends, particularly the famous Black Label. The quality and consistency of Cardhu’s whisky were highly valued by the Walker family, which is why the distillery was purchased.

As for Lewis Cumming, while he played a vital role in the operation and success of Cardhu, there isn’t concrete evidence to suggest that he was formally trained by John Walker or became a director at Johnnie Walker.

The Findlater Castle dates back to at least the 13th century, although the ruins that remain today are mostly from a later rebuilding in the 14th century. The castle, precariously perched on a cliff overlooking the Moray Firth, was once a formidable stronghold.

Visitors to Findlater Castle today can explore the ruins and the dovecot, but should do so with caution, as the terrain is steep and can be treacherous, especially after rain. The castle and the dovecot are a poignant reminder of Scotland’s rich medieval history, though both are slowly being reclaimed by nature.

In the late 8th century, the Norsemen, commonly known as Vikings, began their formidable raids on the coasts of Scotland. Over the ensuing centuries, they established control over vast regions of northern Scotland and the Orkney Islands. Artifacts and historical records from this period indicate that the Vikings were not merely raiders but also engaged in trade, warfare, and cultural exchange, leaving an indelible mark on the region.

By the late 13th century, Norway's King Haakon IV laid claim to significant territories in Scotland, including the strategic Findlater Castle. Anticipating a potential invasion by Haakon, Scottish King Alexander III fortified the castle in 1263. Despite these preparations, the Norwegians succeeded in capturing and briefly holding Findlater Castle, reinforcing their influence in the area. However, their hold on the castle was short-lived, as Alexander III soon regained control, reasserting Scottish dominance over the region.

In 1455, the castle underwent significant enhancements when Sir Walter Ogilvy of Auchlevin was granted permission by King James II to fortify and expand the "Castle of Findlater." Perched on a rocky promontory surrounded by steep cliffs, the castle was a formidable structure, accessible only by foot across narrow bridges.

The mid-16th century brought further turmoil as the lands of Findlater passed from the Ogilvy family to the Gordons, igniting a bitter feud. This period of unrest culminated in 1562 when the Gordons rebelled against Mary, Queen of Scots, leading to a brief occupation of the castle. However, after the defeat of the Gordons at the Battle of Corrichie, the castle was returned to the Ogilvy family.

Following the battle, Sir John Gordon, a key figure in the rebellion, was captured and taken to Aberdeen, where he faced swift justice. On October 31, 1562, in the presence of Queen Mary and her half-brother, the Earl of Moray, Sir John was publicly beheaded. This execution was intended to serve as a stark warning to those who might challenge the Queen’s authority. After these dramatic events, Findlater Castle was abandoned in the mid-1600s in favor of a new residence at Cullen House.

The legacy of Findlater Castle, with its rich history of Norse conquest, feudal strife, royal intrigue, and the tragic beheading of Sir John Gordon, remains etched in the rugged cliffs of Aberdeenshire—a silent testament to Scotland's turbulent past.

The rugged beauty of the Aberdeenshire coast, where Findlater Castle stands, is strikingly raw and powerful. This landscape, with its steep cliffs dropping into the restless sea, offers a sense of isolation and timelessness that captivates all who visit. Even in the height of summer, the weather remains harsh; strong winds whip across the promontory, and the temperature hovers around a cool 12 degrees Celsius. However, the breathtaking sunsets that paint the sky in shades of orange and pink make enduring the chill well worth it, as the sun dips below the horizon, casting a golden glow over the ancient ruins and the vast expanse of the North Sea.

The combination of stormy skies, slanting rays of sunlight at sunset, and the golden hues of summer grass at Findlater Castle creates an unforgettable and mesmerizing scene. This dramatic interplay of light and shadow enhances the rugged beauty of the landscape, inviting visitors to immerse themselves more deeply in the experience. The nearby villages like Cullen offer a charming escape, where you can enjoy traditional Scottish hospitality and cuisine, making the journey to Findlater not just a visit to a historical site, but a rich exploration of the local culture and natural wonders of Aberdeenshire.

Cullen, a charming town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, began to develop in the 12th century around the base of Cullen Castle, from which it takes its name. The name "Cullen" is derived from the Gaelic word "Culain," meaning "back land" or "rear land," possibly referencing its position relative to the surrounding geography.

The town initially grew as a settlement near Cullen Castle, which became the seat of the Earls of Fife. The Earls of Fife were one of the most powerful noble families in medieval Scotland, holding the title "Mormaer" of Fife—a Gaelic term that originally meant "great steward." The title of Earl of Fife came to symbolize the chief magistrate of the region, and the Earls of Fife were also known for their hereditary role as bearers of the Scottish Crown at coronations.

Cullen Castle later became associated with King Robert the Bruce and his descendants, who visited and stayed there, further elevating its significance. By the 14th century, the castle passed into the hands of the Ogilvy family, who became the Lords of Cullen. The Ogilvys, a prominent Scottish clan, took their name from the lands of Ogilvy in Angus, Scotland. They were known for their loyalty to the Scottish Crown and played important roles in the country's history.

As Cullen continued to grow, it developed into a bustling market town. The Mercat Cross in Cullen, erected in the 17th century, stands as a testament to this history. Mercat crosses were common in Scottish towns, marking the market square where traders gathered and public announcements were made. The Cullen Mercat Cross, topped with a lion—a symbol of Scottish heraldry—served as the focal point for town life, where royal decrees and new laws were proclaimed. Today, this historical monument remains a symbol of Cullen’s rich heritage and its role in Scotland’s economic and social history.

The Garden House Trading in Cullen is an intriguing example of the town’s architectural heritage and serves as a reflection of the broader architectural style and urban planning typical of small Scottish towns.

The architecture of Garden House Trading is typical of the vernacular style seen throughout Cullen, with its use of local materials and design features that blend functionality with aesthetic appeal. Buildings in Cullen often feature stone facades, with neatly pointed masonry, steep gabled roofs, and sash windows that are indicative of the 19th and early 20th centuries. These architectural elements not only serve practical purposes—such as shedding rain and withstanding harsh coastal winds—but also convey a sense of solidity and permanence.

Garden House Trading is likely to have been a residential building originally, converted over time to accommodate commercial use. The symmetry of the facade, the decorative lintels above the windows, and the use of natural stone are all symbolic of a period when such craftsmanship was a source of local pride and a marker of social status.

The railway viaduct in Cullen is one of the town’s most iconic and picturesque features, gracefully spanning over the rooftops and offering breathtaking views of the North Sea. This stone viaduct, a testament to Victorian engineering, was constructed in the 1880s as part of the Great North of Scotland Railway line, which connected the small coastal towns of Aberdeenshire to the wider railway network.

Beneath the arches, the tightly packed houses of Cullen, with their stone walls and chimneys, reflect the town’s historical efforts to maximize warmth in a harsh coastal climate. The houses are built close together, their chimneys rising in unison, a design choice that not only conserves heat but also adds to the town’s quaint, cozy aesthetic.

Linda’s Fish & Chips in Cullen is a beloved local establishment that carries on the rich tradition of one of Britain’s most iconic dishes: fish and chips.

Fish and chips began as a street food in the mid-19th century, although fried fish was introduced to Britain by Jewish immigrants from Portugal and Spain even in the 16th century. The idea of serving fried fish with chips (fries) is credited to Joseph Malin, who opened the first fish and chip shop in London in the 1860s. This pairing became popular due to its affordability, accessibility, and the simplicity of preparation. By the late 19th century, fish and chips shops had spread across England and Scotland, becoming a staple for working-class families.

In Scotland, fish and chips quickly gained popularity, with local variations and traditions emerging. The fish used in Scotland is often haddock, which is favored over cod in many English fish and chip shops. Scottish fish and chips also tend to be served with unique accompaniments such as mushy peas or pickled onions, and sometimes even a special “chippy sauce” made from vinegar and brown sauce.

Cullen itself is famous for another Scottish culinary delight: Cullen skink, a hearty soup made from smoked haddock, potatoes, and onions. This dish is a staple of the town’s culinary identity, often enjoyed as a starter before a main course of fish and chips.

As you gaze into the pre-sunset beauty of the northern sea, it’s impossible not to reflect on how the sea and human settlement have always been intertwined in this place.

Moray Firth is named after the historic county of Moray in Scotland. The word "firth" is derived from the Old Norse word "fjǫrðr," meaning an inlet or estuary, commonly used in Scotland to describe coastal waters. Moray, the region, has a long history dating back to the Picts, an ancient people of Scotland, and its name is believed to originate from the Pictish or Gaelic languages.

The name "Moray" itself is thought to come from the Gaelic "Moireabh" or "Mhorbhach," which means "sea settlement" or "sea plain," reflecting the area's coastal geography. The combination of these terms gives us "Moray Firth," which essentially means the inlet or estuary of the Moray region.

From the height of Byway View Road in Cullen, the view of Moray Firth is breathtaking. Classic stone houses with chimney stacks rise in the foreground, their weathered facades catching the golden light of a long, lingering sunset. Beyond them, the endless expanse of the North Sea stretches out, its waves in constant motion, reflecting hues of gold and deep blue. The scene is one of timeless beauty, where the tranquility of the landscape and the vastness of the sea evoke a deep sense of calm and connection to the rugged Scottish coast.

In Cullen, it may seem odd today, nearly a century and a half later, that local homeowners once opposed the construction of a railway—a symbol of the very technological revolution that has since faded into history. Their resistance, particularly from the Seafield Estate, necessitated the construction of the viaduct, a workaround to the estate's refusal to grant the railway a simpler passage. Now, with the railway long since decommissioned, the viaduct and other preserved structures have been transformed into a scenic cycle route, serving as enduring monuments to a time when progress was met with resistance, and nature ultimately reclaimed the land.

The Cullen Viaduct, a category B listed structure, was constructed in 1884 to carry a single railway track. This impressive viaduct, featuring eight arches, was designed by engineer P.M. Barnett. It stands on hollow masonry piers, built on concrete bases reaching up to 20 feet (6.1 meters) below ground. The arches are made of red brick, framed by rings of ashlar, with blue limestone parapets topped with freestone. The viaduct was a necessity due to the Seafield Estate's refusal to allow the railway an easier passage through their land. Today, alongside other preserved bridges and viaducts in the area, it forms part of a scenic cycle route, a testament to its enduring legacy.

Cullen station, located nearby, featured a single curved platform with a larger-than-average wooden station building, including a central canopy flanked by two wings. Although the line was predominantly single track, with a double track section between Buckie and Portessie, the station lacked a passing loop. Following the line's closure in 1968, the tracks were lifted, leaving behind only the memories and structures that now serve as a historical route for cyclists.

North Castle Street in Cullen is steeped in history, echoing the town's rich heritage and the passage of time. This street, like many in the area, reflects the traditional Scottish architecture with its stone-built houses and chimneys, standing resilient against the North Sea's winds. Originally, the street was part of a bustling community where fishing and trade were the lifeblood of the town. The name "Castle Street" hints at its proximity to the old castle grounds, tying the street to the nobility that once held sway over the region.

Over the centuries, North Castle Street has witnessed the ebb and flow of Cullen's fortunes. The arrival of the railway in the 19th century brought both prosperity and change, as the town became more connected to the broader Scottish economy. However, like many small coastal towns, Cullen faced challenges as industries shifted and modernity took hold. Despite these changes, North Castle Street has retained its charm and historical character, with its buildings and layout largely preserved, offering a glimpse into the town’s past.

Today, North Castle Street is a quiet, picturesque part of Cullen, where the past and present coexist. The street’s architecture and atmosphere serve as a reminder of the town’s long history, while also embodying the resilience and continuity of the local community. Walking along North Castle Street, one can almost hear the echoes of its storied past, from the clatter of horses' hooves to the distant sounds of the sea that has shaped so much of Cullen’s identity.

The intersection of North Castle Street and Grant Street in Cullen is a junction where history and heritage visibly intertwine. North Castle Street, with its traditional stone houses and historic charm, meets Grant Street at a point that feels like the crossroads of past and present. Grant Street, named likely in honor of a notable figure or family with ties to the area, reflects the influence of the Grant clan—a prominent Scottish family with deep roots in the Highlands. The Grants were known for their significant contributions to Scottish history, including their involvement in local governance and the military.

At this intersection, the architecture of the two streets complements each other, with Grant Street often displaying slightly more modern buildings compared to the older, more historical structures on North Castle Street. This contrast marks the gradual evolution of Cullen from its medieval roots through the 19th and 20th centuries.

Walking through this junction, one can sense the layers of history embedded in the very stones, where every building and street name tells a part of Cullen's story. The crossing of North Castle Street and Grant Street is not just a physical intersection but a symbolic one, representing the meeting of Cullen's rich historical past with the legacy of influential families like the Grants, who helped shape the region’s identity.

The parking area near Bow Fiddle Rock in the village of Portknockie is a convenient spot for visitors who come to marvel at this natural wonder. The parking lot is relatively small but sufficient for the number of tourists who frequent the site, especially during the summer months. From the parking area, it’s just a short walk to the coastal path that leads directly to Bow Fiddle Rock, offering breathtaking views along the way.

Portknockie itself is a charming coastal village with a rich history. Founded in 1677 as a planned fishing village, Portknockie grew rapidly during the 18th and 19th centuries as fishing, particularly herring fishing, became the lifeblood of the community. The village was home to a bustling harbor and a fleet of fishing boats, and many of the traditional stone cottages you see today were originally built to house fishermen and their families.

Today, Portknockie is a quieter place, with a population of around 1,200 residents. While the fishing industry has largely faded, the village has retained much of its historical charm, and it has become a popular destination for tourists seeking to explore Scotland’s rugged coastline and quaint seaside towns.

The name "Portknockie" is believed to derive from the Gaelic "Port an Odhachaidh," meaning "Port of the Hill," which reflects the village’s position on the elevated coastline overlooking the Moray Firth. This picturesque setting, combined with its historical significance and the stunning natural beauty of Bow Fiddle Rock, makes Portknockie a special place where history and nature intertwine.

Bow Fiddle Rock is one of the most iconic natural landmarks along the Moray Coast, near the village of Portknockie in Scotland. This striking rock formation, resembling the tip of a violin bow, is a large, natural sea arch made of quartzite that has been sculpted by millennia of wind and wave erosion. Rising dramatically from the North Sea, the Bow Fiddle Rock is not only a geological wonder but also a beloved symbol of the region’s rugged beauty.

The name "Bow Fiddle" perfectly captures the shape of the arch, which appears as if it’s poised to strike a string, evoking the image of a musician ready to play. The formation is especially captivating at sunrise or sunset, when the light casts long shadows and highlights the textures of the rock, creating a scene of serene, almost mystical beauty. It is a popular spot for photographers, nature lovers, and those seeking to experience the raw power and tranquility of Scotland’s coastline.

Bow Fiddle Rock is also a haven for seabirds, particularly during nesting season, when species such as herring gulls and great black-backed gulls can be seen soaring around the formation or perched on its rugged surface. The area around Bow Fiddle Rock offers stunning coastal walks, with views that stretch out to the horizon, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring the Moray Coast.

Moray Firth is a large, triangular inlet of the North Sea, located on the northeastern coast of Scotland. It stretches from Duncansby Head in the north to Fraserburgh in the east and encompasses a wide area that includes a number of smaller firths, such as the Cromarty Firth and the Beauly Firth.

The Moray Firth is known for its diverse and rich marine life. It is one of the best places in Europe to spot bottlenose dolphins, which are regularly seen in the area. The firth is also home to seals, porpoises, and a variety of seabirds, making it a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and birdwatchers.

Historically, the Moray Firth has been an important area for fishing and trade, with several small towns and villages along its coast having deep-rooted maritime traditions. In more recent times, the area has also become a focus for renewable energy, with several wind farms being developed both onshore and offshore.

The coastline around the Moray Firth is also noted for its natural beauty, featuring dramatic cliffs, sandy beaches, and picturesque villages. It is a popular destination for outdoor activities such as hiking, sailing, and diving.

In addition to its natural and economic significance, the Moray Firth has cultural importance, with many legends and historical sites associated with the region, including ancient castles and Pictish stones.

Heather, with its delicate purple and pink blossoms, is one of the most iconic plants of Scotland, especially when seen in full bloom on the cliffs around places like Bow Fiddle Rock along the Moray Firth. The sight of the heather swaying in the coastal breeze, its colors vibrant against the rugged landscape and the deep blue of the northern sea, is truly mesmerizing. This hardy plant, which thrives in the poor, acidic soils of Scotland's moorlands and coastal areas, has long been a symbol of the Scottish wilderness and its untamed beauty.

In Scottish culture, heather holds deep symbolic and cultural significance. It has been associated with protection, good luck, and romance. There is a well-known belief that white heather, a rare variant, is particularly lucky. This belief is rooted in various legends, one of which tells the story of a battle between two clans, during which the blood of the fallen turned the heather red. The white heather that remained unstained was then considered a symbol of peace and purity.

Heather is also intertwined with Scotland's history and traditions. It has been used for centuries in practical ways, such as in the making of brooms, ropes, and even as thatch for roofs. It was also traditionally used as bedding, providing a fragrant and comfortable place to sleep.

In Scottish folklore, heather is often connected to the fairies and the mystical. Some legends speak of heather being sacred to the Celtic goddesses, particularly the goddess of love, which further ties it to themes of romance and beauty in Scottish cultural narratives.

The heather-clad hills and moors have also inspired countless Scottish songs and poems. For example, Robert Louis Stevenson, in his poem "Heather Ale," explores the mythical and tragic tale of the Picts, ancient inhabitants of Scotland, who brewed a powerful ale from heather. This story reflects the deep-rooted cultural connection between the Scottish people and the natural landscape they inhabit.

The sight of heather blooming on the cliffs near Bow Fiddle Rock is more than just a natural spectacle; it’s a living connection to the rich tapestry of Scotland’s history, folklore, and cultural identity.