Continuing from the historical development of Edinburgh, particularly with the rise of the New Town and its architectural significance, the Scottish National Gallery holds a prominent place in this narrative. Located on The Mound, an artificial hill connecting the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh, the gallery stands as a testament to the city’s commitment to art and culture, which grew alongside its architectural and intellectual advancements during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Historical Context and Construction: The Scottish National Gallery was designed by the renowned architect William Henry Playfair, who was instrumental in shaping the Neoclassical aesthetic of Edinburgh, often referred to as the "Athens of the North." Playfair’s design was inspired by classical Greek architecture, a style that was predominant in the New Town and reflective of the Enlightenment ideals that had taken root in the city.

Construction of the gallery began in 1850 and was completed in 1859. It was one of several projects during this period aimed at enhancing Edinburgh’s cultural landscape. The building was conceived not just as a repository for art but as a symbol of Scotland’s intellectual and artistic heritage.

Architectural Significance: The gallery’s façade, with its grand portico and Ionic columns, aligns perfectly with the surrounding Neoclassical architecture of the New Town, linking it visually and thematically to other landmarks such as The Dome and the Assembly Rooms. This architectural cohesion reinforces the gallery’s role as a cultural cornerstone within the city.

The Collection: The Scottish National Gallery houses an extensive collection of European paintings and sculptures, with a particular emphasis on Scottish art. Highlights include works by Old Masters such as Titian and Rembrandt, as well as pieces by celebrated Scottish artists like Sir Henry Raeburn and William McTaggart. The gallery serves as a crucial institution for preserving and showcasing Scotland's artistic heritage.

Significance in Modern Edinburgh: Today, the Scottish National Gallery remains one of the city's most visited cultural institutions. It not only preserves Scotland’s rich artistic history but also serves as a venue for major exhibitions and educational programs, continuing the legacy of Edinburgh as a center of culture and enlightenment.

The building itself is an embodiment of the city’s evolution—from its Enlightenment roots, through the grandeur of the New Town, to its present status as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The gallery’s presence on The Mound, bridging the Old and New Towns, symbolizes the union of Edinburgh’s past and present, making it a vital part of the city's historical and cultural landscape.